Teaching and General Education is a peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes research across all fields of education. It promotes innovative ideas, teaching strategies, and interdisciplinary studies that enhance educational practice and policy. The journal is published twice yearly, in December–January and June–July, providing a platform for educators, researchers, and practitioners. It is indexed in Google Scholar, SINTA, DOAJ, and ICI Copernicus, increasing its global visibility. As an open-access journal, it ensures free access to knowledge, supporting academic collaboration and educational development. Submissions are welcome from all education sectors with a focus on quality and relevance Scope 1. Teaching methodologies and strategies 2. Educational theories and philosophies 3. Curriculum design and development 4. Assessment and evaluation methods 5. Technology-enhanced learning 6. Inclusive education and diversity 7. Teacher education and professional development 8. General education policies and reforms Publication Frequency November - December June - July
IMPROVING STUDENTS' CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS THROUGH A PROBLEM-BASED APPROACH
Critical thinking skills are one of the essential competencies that students must master in facing the challenges of the 21st century. However, various assessment results both national and international show that the critical thinking skills of students in Indonesia are still relatively low. This review article aims to analyze the effectiveness of the Problem Based Learning (PBL) model in improving students' critical thinking skills based on the synthesis of empirical research results published between 2020 and 2025. The method used was a systematic literature review (SLR) of 15 articles from SINTA-accredited national journals and reputable international journals Scopus and Web of Science. Inclusion criteria include: (1) experimental or quasi-experimental research, (2) using PBL as an independent variable, (3) critical thinking as a bound variable, and (4) research subjects are elementary to high school/vocational students. The results of the study show that PBL has consistently been proven to be effective in improving students' critical thinking skills at various levels of education and subjects. The average increase in critical thinking N-gain in PBL classes ranged from 0.40 to 0.72 (medium to high category). The success factors of PBL include the quality of authentic problem design, teacher facilitation ability, availability of learning resources, and student motivation. The implications of this study provide practical recommendations for teachers in implementing PBL effectively as well as for researchers to explore moderator variables that affect the effectiveness of PBL.
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LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE USE OF AUDIO MEDIA IN IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF LEARNING
Learning media play an important role in improving the quality of the teaching and learning process because they help teachers deliver learning materials more clearly and effectively. One of the media that can be utilized in learning is audio media, which delivers information through sound elements. This study aims to analyze the use of audio media in improving the quality of learning through a literature review approach. The method used in this study is a literature study by examining various scientific sources such as journals, books, and previous research related to audio media in learning. The results of the review indicate that audio media have several advantages, including improving students’ listening skills, increasing learning motivation, and providing flexibility because they can be accessed through various technological devices. In addition, audio media have relatively low production costs and are easy to distribute. However, audio media also have limitations because they rely only on the sense of hearing and are less effective for materials that require visual explanations. Therefore, the use of audio media should be adjusted to learning objectives and material characteristics to optimize the quality of learning. Keywords: audio media, learning media, learning quality, literature review
Keywords: audio media, learning media, learning quality, literature review
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF GAME-BASED LEARNING MODELS IN CREATING INTERACTIVE AND MEANINGFUL LEARNING
Rapid technological developments and changing student characteristics require innovation in the learning process. One popular approach is Game-Based Learning (GBL), a learning model that integrates game elements to increase student engagement, motivation, and understanding of the material. This research employed a literature review method, examining various sources, including 10 books and 5 scientific journals, related to the application of Game-Based Learning in education. The study results indicate that this model can strengthen interactions between teachers and students, encourage student engagement, and help them better understand learning concepts. Furthermore, the use of games in learning activities has been shown to increase enthusiasm for learning and create a more engaging and engaging classroom atmosphere. However, implementing Game-Based Learning requires sound planning and teacher skills in managing game-based activities to ensure effective and optimal learning objectives are achieved.
Game-Based Learning (GBL), Student Engagement, Learning Motivation, Active Participation, Conceptual Understanding.
EXPLORING TIKTOK AS DIGITAL TOOL FOR ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING AND LEARNING
The increasing use of social media has opened new possibilities for English language learning in the digital era. Among various platforms, TikTok has attracted significant attention because of its interactive and engaging features that support language learning. This review examines studies published between 2020 and 2024 to explore the role of TikTok in English language education. The findings show that TikTok can help learners improve vocabulary, speaking skills, and pronunciation through short videos, repeated exposure to language, and interactive activities such as duet challenges. These features create an enjoyable learning environment and encourage active participation among learners. The platform also provides authentic language input that can enhance students’ motivation and confidence in using English. However, several challenges limit its classroom implementation, including its entertainment-focused algorithm, limited depth of educational content, unequal access to technology, and differences in teachers’ digital competence. Overall, TikTok has emerged as a useful supplementary tool that can support English language learning when used appropriately.
TikTok, English Language Teaching, Digital Learning, Social Media, Language Learning
Using YouTube to Improve English Speaking Skills
Learning English through YouTube has proven to be quite effective in helping students improve their speaking skills. With the rapid growth of educational technology today, YouTube has become one of the easiest and most affordable resources for students to learn independently. This study aims to examine how much YouTube can help improve students’ pronunciation, grammar, fluency, and overall speaking ability. This research used a qualitative approach by distributing questionnaires and conducting interviews with university students. Based on previous studies and literature, this article discusses the role of YouTube by referring to Krashen’s Input Hypothesis, the importance of language exposure, and the shadowing technique. It also explains the advantages of YouTube, such as providing authentic English from native speakers, flexible learning time, and gives student motivation. Even though there are some challenges, including varieties content quality, passive learning habits, and too much reliance on memorization. The findings indicate that YouTube can significantly improve speaking skills when used often in every occasion and in a structured manner. Therefore, integrating YouTube into English language learning strategies is highly recommended.
YouTube, English speaking skills, digital learning, language exposure, shadowing, language education
TIKTOK AS A SUPPLEMENTARY MEDIUM IN EDUCATIONAL CONTEXTS: AFFORDANCES, LIMITATIONS, AND PEDAGOGICAL IMPLICATIONS
Assimilations Here, the present research looks into the relevance of the TikTok application as a short video delivery platform in the context of educational delivery. This investigation uses a systematic literature review and is qualitative in nature aimed at examining the role of app specific features in informal learning through TikTok app short video content, algorithm-driven personalization, social media as they control the informal learning process. In general, the investigation has implications for the TikTok app as a useful educational tool that makes the educational material more widely accessible, promotes learners’ independence and motivates users through entertaining contents, it even serves as an educational resource when aimed at the youth demographic and its tendency toward fast communication. But, the application of the TikTok app carries with it a host of disadvantages: wrong information sent through the application, the lack of in-depth information, as well as inherent distractibility. Compared to more similar kinds of services, such as Google Classroom and YouTube, this analysis demonstrates that "TikTok offers a great opportunity for capturing interest but does not offer new learning and information," they concluded.
TikTok; digital media in education; informal learning; digital literacy; blended learning
TikTok as a Supplementary Medium in Educational Contexts: Affordances, Limitations, and Pedagogical Implications
FACEBOOK AS A MEANS OF COMMUNICATION IN THE SOCIAL MEDIA ERA
This article explores how Facebook functions as a communication medium in today’s digital life, with special focus on usage patterns, communicative motives, and the platform’s bearing on users’ social relationships. A qualitative research method grounded in library research and semi-structured interviews of three purposively selected informants was employed to produce contextually rich data. The results of the research confirm that Facebook as a social media platform is still the dominant social network, and that it will continue to be a dominant channel by which people in various socio-demographic groups communicate and maintain social ties. Beyond mere interpersonal interaction, the platform serves an economic and community function as well as many other social and socializing functions, consolidating its role as a multifunctional communication infrastructure. Further analysis of interview data confirms that people interacting with Facebook are doing so as a conscious way of maintaining relational bonds amid geographical barriers; they are not just interested in receiving information. The authors find that as technology moves forward into 2026, Facebook becomes further intertwined with everyday communicative life and this has consequences for the ways in which digital sociality is theorized and studied.
digital communication; Facebook; social media; interpersonal relations; qualitative research
Instagram: A Place to Share, Learn, and Grow
Today, Instagram is one of the most popular social media platforms among individuals in this digital era. However, although Instagram can be seen as an entertainment source for some people, it is also used as a source for sharing, gaining knowledge, and personal development. As such, this essay shall highlight how Instagram can be used as a platform for sharing and growing together. Instagram provides many functions ranging from posting, stories, and reels whereby people can express themselves and share information with other people (Instagram, 2023). Moreover, Instagram also gives its users access to a number of resources related to education. Thus, individuals get to learn in different areas of knowledge such as languages, studies, and personal development (UNESCO, 2022). Additionally, Instagram contributes to personal development by stimulating creativity, increasing self-confidence, and offering opportunities to build a personal brand and grow a business (Harvard Business Review, 2021). In spite of all its advantages, there are certain problems like misuse, spread of false information, and social comparison which pose problems that need to be taken into account (Pew Research Center, 2024). Hence, one should use this social media network wisely. In general, Instagram can be an extremely useful means of communication.
Instagram: A Place to Share, Learn, and Grow.
THE EFFECTIVINESS OF THE STEM APPROACH IN IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF LEARNING IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
The STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) approach is a relevant learning innnovation in addressing the demands of 21st-century education. This review article aims to examine the effectiveness of implementing the STEM approach in improving the quality of learning elementary schools through an analysis of various previous studies. The method used is a literature review, examining scientific sources in the form of national and international journals related to the implementation of STEM in elementary education. The study results indicate that the STEM approach can improve the quality of learning, as indicated by increased critical thingking skills, creativity, collaboration, and problem-solving skills in students. Furthermor, STEM-based learning can also increase student motivation and active participation through contextual and project-based learning activities. However, several challenges in its implementation exist, such as limited facilities, teacher preparedness, and a lack of ongoing training. Thus, the STEM approach has proven effective in improving the quality of learning in elementary scholls, but requires optimal support from various parties for optimal implementaion.
STEM, elementary school learning, learning quality, 21st-century skills, literature review.
UTILIZATION OF POWERPOINT SLIDES AS PRESENTATION MEDIA IN THE LEARNING PROCESS
The rapid development of information and communication technology has brought significant changes to the field of education, especially in the use of digital-based learning media. One of the media widely used in the learning process is Microsoft PowerPoint. This article aims to examine the definition of PowerPoint and its benefits in learning, its strengths and weaknesses, as well as the challenges faced in its implementation within educational environments. The method used in this article is a literature study by collecting various references from books, journals, and relevant previous studies. The results of the study indicate that PowerPoint plays an important role as an interactive learning medium because it can combine text, images, audio, video, animations, and graphics into an attractive and systematic presentation. Proper use of PowerPoint can improve students’ motivation, participation, creativity, and learning outcomes. In addition, PowerPoint supports online and hybrid learning that continues to develop in the digital era. However, the use of PowerPoint also has several weaknesses, such as dependence on technological devices and electricity, limited teacher skills in designing slides, and the risk of ineffective presentation designs that may reduce students’ concentration. Therefore, digital literacy skills, creativity, and a good understanding of presentation design are needed so that PowerPoint can be utilized optimally in creating effective, innovative, and meaningful learning.
PowerPoint, learning media, digital learning, interactive media, educational technology.
ANALYSIS OF THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF 2D MODELS\MOCKUPS IN LEARNING MEDIA
Learning media plays an important role in helping students understand the material more easily. One of the media frequently used in learning activities is a two-dimensional (2D) model or mockup. A 2D model/mockup is a visual medium that displays objects in the form of flat images, helping students understand concepts more clearly. This article aims to explain the meaning of 2D models/mockups in learning media and analyze their advantages and disadvantages in the learning process. The method used in writing this article is a literature study by reviewing various book and journal sources related to learning media. The results of the study indicate that 2D models/mockups have several advantages, such as being easy to make, relatively inexpensive, and able to help students understand the material visually and increase learning interest. However, 2D models/mockups also have several disadvantages, namely they cannot display objects realistically like three-dimensional media, the information conveyed is limited, and they are less interactive compared to digital-based learning media. Therefore, the use of 2D models/mockups should be combined with other learning media to make the learning process more effective and interesting for students.
learning media, two-dimensional (2D) model, 2D mockup, visual learning, learning procees.
THE ROLE OF THE THEMATIC APPROACH IN IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF LEARNING IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS
The thematic approach is a learning strategy that combines various subjects into one particular theme so that the learning process becomes more complete and meaningful. Through this approach, students do not study the material separately but rather connect various concepts from subjects such as science, social studies, Indonesian, mathematics, and art into one unit. This article discusses the basic concepts, implementation, benefits, and obstacles in using the thematic approach in elementary schools. The results of the study show that this approach is able to improve students' understanding of the material, foster learning motivation, develop creativity, and strengthen social skills. However, there are still several challenges, such as limited learning resources and teachers' abilities in managing thematic learning. With good planning, use of appropriate learning media, and improvement of teacher competency through training, these obstacles can be overcome. Therefore, a thematic approach can be a solution to improve the quality of learning to be more interesting, relevant, and in accordance with students' daily lives.
Keywords: thematic approach, learning quality, elementary school, subject integration
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IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROJECT BASED LEARNING APPROACH IN LEARNING IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS
To facilitate active learning in elementary schools, it is necessary to design and organize learning effectively for the learners. When it is still teacher-centered in many classroom processes, students have lesser interest in the learning process. Therefore, to enhance student participation in learning activity, a suitable learning approach must be developed. One of the methods that could be used is Project Based Learning (PjBL). This study seeks to review the use of Project Based Learning in the elementary education system. The method used in this study is a literature review by analyzing various sources such as books and relevant scientific journal articles. Therefore, applying Project Based Learning in the study results shows that we may be able to develop more involvement and engagement of the students in the learning process, enhance their learning motivation, and encourage them to learn new concepts as well. In addition, this learning mode also serves in enhancing learners’ critical thinking skills, creativity, communication skills, and collaboration skills. Students are closely linked to problem-solving, finding out about a topic through project activities, solving the problems, and product design. Hence, Project Based Learning can be applied as an alternative learning model as a means of enhancing the quality of learning in elementary schools.
Project Based Learning, learning process, elementary school, student engagement.
INNOVATION OF ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS EDUCATION TEACHING MATERIALS BASED ON QUICK RESPONSE CODES FOR GRADE VII STUDENTS OF SMP NEGERI 6 LUBUKLINGGAU
This study investigated the innovation of Quick Response (QR) code-based teaching materials in Islamic Religious Education for seventh-grade students at SMP Negeri 6 Lubuklinggau. The research was motivated by students’ low enthusiasm and limited understanding of learning materials, particularly the history of Prophet Muhammad SAW’s struggle during the Medina period. Teachers mainly relied on conventional textbooks, which reduced students’ motivation and engagement. Using a qualitative field research design, data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation from May to July 2023. The findings revealed that learning innovations had already been implemented through conventional teaching and internet-assisted learning, such as practical videos on prayer and ablution. Furthermore, QR code-based teaching materials were found to increase students’ interest, motivation, and understanding because they were practical and easily accessible. The study also identified several supporting and inhibiting factors influencing implementation, including students, environment, facilities, and parental support in the learning process.
STEM education (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics)
Gamification Strategy in Duolingo Application on Student Learning Motivation
This research is based on the increasing utilization of learning applications based on gamification, especially Duolingo, which is believed to be able to strengthen the learning motivation of students in learning a foreign language. This research aims to analyze the gamification strategy that is applied in the application and its influence on the learning drive of students at the university level. The method that is used is qualitative analysis through the study of empirical findings data, application usage patterns, and student learning experience that shows a response to gamification elements such as points, levels, feedback, and daily challenges. The research results show that these features play a role in building consistent learning involvement, increasing a sense of competence, and growing interest towards the language material. Analysis also shows that Duolingo helps students maintain a study routine, reduce boredom, and provide a more adaptive learning experience. Implication: This research emphasizes the importance of gamification integration in the development of digital learning media, as well as providing a foundation for educators and institutions to design more creative learning strategies to increase the motivation and quality of the student learning process.
Duolingo, Gamification, Motivation to learn, Student.
THE ROLE OF EDUCATIONAL ANIMATION IN INTERACTIVE LEARNING IN THE DIGITAL ERA
The development of digital technology has encouraged changes in the learning process, particularly in the use of more innovative and interactive learning media. One of the rapidly growing media is educational animation, as it is able to present learning materials in a visual, dynamic, and engaging manner. This article aims to examine the role of educational animation in supporting interactive learning in digital era through a literute review method based on various relevant journals and scientific sources. The result of the study indicate that educational animation can increase student’s learning motivation, help them understand abstract concepts, and enhance student engagement in the learning process. In addition, educational animation also supports independent learning and accommodates various learning styles of student. Compared to conventional learning media, educational animation is considered more effective in improving conceptual understanding. Therefore, the development and utilization of educational animation need to be continuously improved to support more effective learning in the digital era.
educational animation, interactive learning, educational technology, digital learning media.
LITERATURE REVIEW ON THE STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE APPROACHES TO LEARNING
Researcher describe this article by analyzing deductive and inductive learning through a review of relevant literature. The deductive approach begins with a general idea and then builds on that, followed by specific examples, while the inductive approach kicks things off with concrete facts to get at general principles. The results indicated that systematic and continuous steps in the deductive method of presentation of material encourage students’ understanding of concepts while the process-based/inductive approach allows active student learning to encourage the student's involvement in the search for the concepts, and in turn boost motivation and knowledge. Each approach has its strengths; however, the deductive approach may make students passive while the inductive method often requires more time. Hence the choice can take into account the learning outcomes, material condition, and student environment (learning targets) which is required for a successful learning experience.
learning approach, deductive approach, inductive approach, literature reviuw, learning strategy.
IMPLEMENTATION OF COOPERATIVE LEARNING MODEL TO IMPROVE STUDENT COOPERATION IN CLASS
The implementation of the cooperative learning model is one effort that can be made to increase student activity and cooperation in the learning process. This model emphasises group learning activities where students collaborate, discuss, and help each other understand the subject matter. This article aims to explain the application of cooperative learning in learning, including its definition, basic principles, characteristics, and application in teaching and learning activities. The method used in this paper is a literature review by reviewing various books and journals related to cooperative learning. The results show that the implementation of cooperative learning can improve social interaction, communication skills, and student responsibility in completing group assignments. Furthermore, learning becomes more active and enjoyable because students are directly involved in group discussions and collaboration. Thus, cooperative learning can be an effective learning model for creating a more active and collaborative learning process and supporting the development of students’ social skills.
Coopetarive Learning, student cooperative, group learning, learning activeness.
LITERATURE REVIEW ON INQUIRY APPROACHES IN EDUCATION
Learning approaches play a crucial role in determining the success of the educational process. One approach frequently used in learning activities is the inquiry approach, which emphasizes investigative activities for students to independently acquire knowledge. This article aims to review various literature related to the concept, advantages, disadvantages, and application of the inquiry approach in learning. The method used in writing this article is a literature study, examining various sources such as books and scientific journals relevant to the research topic. The results of the study indicate that the inquiry approach can increase student activeness in the learning process, develop critical thinking skills, deepen conceptual understanding, and increase learning motivation. However, the implementation of this approach also has several limitations, including requiring relatively longer learning time, requiring teachers to be prepared in designing learning activities, and presenting difficulties for some students who are not accustomed to independent learning. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the inquiry approach is an effective learning approach for creating an active and meaningful learning process. Therefore, this approach can be used as an alternative in efforts to improve the quality of learning in schools.
inquiry approach, active learning, critical thinking skills, learning outcomes.
THE MONTESSORI APPROACH TO IMPROVING EARLY CHILDHOOD CREATIVITY AND INDEPENDENCE
Education is a crucial process in developing students’ potential, especially at an early age, when they are at a crucial stage of development. One approach, which emphasizes child-centered learning while allowing freedom within certain limits. This study aims to examine the role of the Montessori approach in fostering creativity and independence at an early age. The method used was a literature review analyzing various relevant sources. The results indicate that the Montessori approach can enhance children’s creativity through exploratory activities. Furthermore, a well prepared learning environment and the teacher’s role as a facilitator are supporting factors for the successful implementation of this approach. Thus, the Montessori approach plays a crucial role in fostering creativity and independence at an early age, although its implementation still requires teacher preparedness and adequate supporting facilities.
Montessori Approach, Creativity, Independence, Early Childhood, Child-Centered Learning.
USING AUDIO STORYTELLING MEDIA TO IMPROVE STUDENT UNDERSTANDING
This research is motivated by the low level of student understanding in the learning process caused by the use of less varied learning media. One medium that can be used to improve student understanding is audio storytelling, a learning medium that conveys material through stories in audio form. This study aims to determine the effect of using audio storytelling on student understanding in learning. The research method used is a quantitative approach with data collection techniques in the form of tests, observations, and documentation. The results show that the use of audio storytelling can improve student understanding of the learning material. Thus, audio storytelling can be an effective alternative learning medium to create more interesting and meaningful learning for students.
audio storytelling media, student understanding, learning.
HUMANISTIC APPROACH TO LEARNING TO DEVELOP STUDENT POTENTIAL
The humanistic approach is one of the learning approaches that emphasizes the holistic development of human potential. This approach places students as the center of the learning process while considering intellectual, emotional, social, and moral development. The purpose of this article is to review the humanistic approach in learning, including its description, advantages, disadvantages, and comparisons with other learning approaches. The method used in this article is a literature review by analyzing various relevant scientific sources. The results show that the humanistic approach can improve students’ motivation, participation, creativity, and social skills. However, this approach also has several limitations such as requiring more time, demanding high teacher competence, and being difficult to apply in large classrooms. Therefore, proper planning is necessary so that the implementation of the humanistic approach can achieve optimal learning outcomes.
MAPS: GEOGRAPHIC MAPS, CONCEPT MAPS (MIND MAPS)
A map is a representation of the Earth's surface presented on a flat plane using scale, symbols, and a projection system to provide information about the condition of a particular area. Maps have an important role in human life because they help show the location of places, describe the condition of the Earth's surface, determine direction and distance, and support regional planning and learning activities. In addition to geographic maps, there are also concept maps or mind maps that are used to illustrate relationships between ideas, concepts, or information within a particular topic. Concept maps are usually arranged in the form of branching diagrams that begin with a main idea and then develop into several related subtopics. This paper aims to explain the definition of maps, the functions of maps, map elements, geographic maps, concept maps, and the differences between geographic maps and concept maps. The method used in this writing is a literature study by reviewing various books and relevant sources. The results of the discussion show that geographic maps are used to describe the condition and location of regions on the Earth's surface, while concept maps are used to help understand relationships between concepts in a subject. Therefore, both types of maps have different functions but are equally important as media for delivering information and supporting learning.
map, geographic map, concept map, mind map, learning
THE EFFECT OF LEARNING VIDEOS ON STUDENTS' LEARNING MOTIVATION
The rapid development of information technology in education has encouraged the use of innovative and engaging learning media, particularly learning videos. Video-based learning media can present instructional material through audio-visual elements, making learning more interactive and easier for students to understand. This study aims to examine the effect of learning videos on students’ motivation and comprehension during the teaching and learning process. The method employed in this study was a literature review analyzing relevant books and scientific journal articles published between 2019 and 2024. The findings reveal that learning videos have a positive impact on the learning process. They enhance students’ interest, attention, participation, and motivation in classroom activities. Furthermore, the combination of visuals, audio, and animations helps students understand abstract or difficult concepts more effectively than verbal explanations alone. Therefore, learning videos can serve as an effective instructional medium to improve students’ motivation and understanding. Teachers are encouraged to integrate learning videos with appropriate teaching strategies to achieve optimal learning outcomes.
learning videos, learning motivation, student understanding, learning media.
Utilizing Charts as Visual Media to Improve Student Understanding
Learning media are tools used by educators to convey information to students so that they can understand it well. With advances in information technology, learning media has evolved from solely print to include a wider range of visual and multimedia media. Using these diverse media can help students access information in different ways and increase their motivation and engagement in learning. Charts are one visual medium that can be used effectively. Media that relies on sight, such as images, graphs, tables and charts, is called visual media. Charts are useful for presenting information in a systematic, concise, and easy-to-understand way, helping students see the relationships between concepts more clearly. This is very relevant for learning in elementary schools because it can simplify complex material and make learning more interesting. The discussion results indicate that charts are crucial for enhancing student understanding, helping them organize information, and encouraging them to actively participate in the learning process. However, charts have several drawbacks: they are time-consuming to create, and not all materials are suitable for this format. Therefore, teachers must use charts appropriately to ensure effective learning.
learning media, visual media, charts, students who understand
THE URGENCY OF USING FLIPCHART MEDIA AS A SIMPLE AND EFFECTIVE ALTERNATIVE LEARNING MEDIA
Learning media is an important part of the educational process because it functions as a tool to convey messages from teachers to students so that the material delivered can be received effectively. In the era of digital technology advancement, the use of electronic-based media such as PowerPoint, learning videos and other online learning media is increasingly growing. However, the limited facilities available at some schools require the use of alternative media that are simple, economical, and still effective. This research aims to review the urgency of using flipchart media as an alternative visual learning media that is efficient and remains relevant to be applied in learning, especially in elementary schools. This study uses a literature study approach by analyzing the concept of learning media, flipchart characteristics, usage strategies, integration with active learning methods, and the results of previous research. The study results show that flipcharts have advantages in increasing student motivation, attention, activeness, and learning outcomes. Furthermore, flipcharts have proven effective because they can present material systematically, realistically, and interactively without the need for technological devices. Various previous studies have proven that the use of flipcharts can substantially increase learning completion and student participation. Based on this, flipchart media is suitable for use as an alternative learning media that is simple but effective in supporting the creation of active, interactive, and meaningful learning
Keywords: learning media, flipchart, visual media, active learning, learning outcomes
Analysis Of The Contextual Approach (Contextual Teaching and Learning) in Improving Student Learning Outcomes
The Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) approach is a learning approach that discusses lesson material with students' real lives so that learning becomes more meaningful. This article aims to analyze the application of the Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) approach in improving student learning outcomes. The method used in writing this article is a literature study by examining several sources such as journals, books, and research that are relevant to the CTL approach in learning. The results of the study show that the application of the CTL approach can increase student activity in the learning process, help students understand concepts more deeply, and improve student learning outcomes. This is because in the CTL approach, students do not only receive material passively but are also directly involved in the process of discovering and linking knowledge with everyday experiences. Thus, the contextual teaching and learning approach can be an effective alternative to improve the quality of learning and student learning outcomes.
Contextual Teaching and Learning, contextual learning, student learning outcomes.
THE ROLE OF THE FLIPPED CLASSROOM IN ENHANCING STUDENTS LEARNING INDEPENDENCE
The advancement of educational technology has led to the development of innovative learning models, one of which is the Flipped Classroom, which has the potential to enhance students’ learning autonomy. This study is a literature review aimed at analyzing the concept of flipped classroom, student learning autonomy, and the role of flipped classroom in promoting autonomous learning based on previous research. The method used was a systematic review of relevant national and international articles and journals discussing the implementation of flipped classroom in educational contexts. The findings indicate that the flipped classroom allows students to study materials independently before class, utilize classroom time for interactive activities, and improve responsibility, engagement, and self-regulation in learning. The review confirms that the implementation of the flipped classroom can enhance students’ learning autonomy, provided it is supported by students’ readiness, teacher competence, and adequate technological facilities. Therefore, the flipped classroom can be considered an effective learning strategy to support 21st-century education.
REVIEW ARTICLESCIENTIFIC APPROACH IN LEARNING BASED ON THE 2013 CURRICULUM
The scientific approach is one of the approaches used in learning based on the 2013 Curriculum. This approach emphasizes the learning process that actively involves students through scientific activities such as observing, asking questions, gathering information, reasoning, and communicating. The purpose of this article is to examine the concept and application of the scientific approach in learning based on the 2013 Curriculum. The method used in writing this article is a literature study by reviewing various sources such as books, scientific journals, and articles relevant to the topic of discussion. The results of the study indicate that the application of the scientific approach can help improve student activity, critical thinking skills, and understanding of learning materials. In addition, this approach also encourages students to be more active in the learning process and is able to develop scientific skills. Thus, the scientific approach has an important role in improving the quality of learning in accordance with the objectives of the 2013 Curriculum.
Scientific approach, 2013 Curriculum, learning process, student activities, critical thinking, scientific skills, learning outcomes.
APPLICATION OF CONSTRUCTIVISM THEORY IN THE LEARNING PROCESS IN SCHOOLS
The constructivism theory is a learning approach that emphasizes that knowledge is actively constructed by students through experience and interaction in the learning process. In school learning, the application of constructivism is important because it can encourage students to be more active in understanding the material and developing their thinking skills. This article aims to examine the application of constructivism theory in the learning process in schools. The method used is a literature review by examining various sources such as relevant books and scientific journals. The results of the study show that the application of constructivism can be carried out through discussion activities, problem-solving, and learning that involves students' direct experiences. Through this approach, students become more active in building knowledge, while the teacher acts as a facilitator in the learning process. Thus, the application of constructivism theory can create more active and meaningful learning for students.